What Is Pericarditis?

Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium. The pericardium is a thin, two-layer sac around the heart. It helps hold the heart in place and to protect it from infection. A small amount of fluid between the layers helps reduce friction as the heart beats.

A common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. This pain happens when the layers of the sac become inflamed and possibly rub against the heart. The pain can start suddenly. It is often felt in the middle or left side of the chest and may spread to one or both shoulders. The pain is usually worse when lying on your back and often feels better when you sit up and lean forward.

If you have chest pain, call 911 right away. Chest pain can be a sign of a heart attack. Learn about the warning signs for a heart attack. 

Types of pericarditis

• Acute pericarditis ‒ Symptoms last less than four to six weeks.
• Incessant pericarditis ‒ Symptoms last more than four to six weeks but less than three months with therapy.
• Chronic pericarditis ‒  Symptoms last for more than three months.
• Recurrent pericarditis ‒ Symptoms develop again after having no symptoms for at least four months.

No matter the type, pericarditis can disrupt your heart’s normal function. In rare cases, pericarditis can have very serious consequences.

Causes of pericarditis

In many cases of pericarditis, no clear cause is found. These cases are often presumed to be caused by a virus.

Chronic and recurrent pericarditis may be caused by inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues or cells.

Other possible causes of pericarditis are:

• Heart attack and heart surgery
• Kidney failure, cancer, infections and other health problems
• Injuries
• Radiation therapy
• Certain medications, including some anti-seizure medications, anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics and newer cancer therapies

Who is at risk for pericarditis?

Pericarditis can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in younger and middle-aged men, especially in cases caused by viral infections.

Among those treated for acute pericarditis, 15% to 30% may have the condition again if not treated with the medication colchicine.

Treatment for pericarditis

Pericarditis is often mild and may clear up on its own with rest or simple treatment. Sometimes, more intense treatment is needed to prevent complications. Recovery time may vary depending on the type of condition, the cause and the person’s health.